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The Temple Precinct of Mut at Karnak
Mut was the consort of Amun-Re, King of the Gods, and mother of Khonsu,
who was associated with the moon. Like many other goddesses, Mut had a
human and a feline form. In her human guise, she was a protective
mother. As the lioness-headed Sekhmet,
she was a fierce defender of Egypt who could turn against humankind if
angered. Many of the rituals in Mut’s temples were aimed at keeping the
goddess content.
One of Mut's primary temples was located at Karnak. This temple for many years laid in ruins beyond the south gate (200 meters south of the 10th pylon of the Amun Temple) of the Karnak
precinct. For some time now it has been undergoing restoration work.
However, it remains today a wilderness of grass and cracking pavement.
Yet, the temple retains much of its charm on this hilly land with a
beautiful view of Luxor (ancient Thebes) and the Nile River.
The Napoleonic Expedition of 1798-1801 recorded one of the earliest plans of the Mut Precinct at Karnak.
Another 19th century explorer who visited the site and recorded his
observations was Nestor l'Hôte. Interestingly, his drawings, made in
1839, recorded details not present on other plan created both earlier
and later, but which have now proved to be accurate. The Royal Prussian
Expedition of 1842-1845 led by Karl Lepsius and the first directors of the Department of Antiquities of Egypt, August Mariette and Gaston Maspero,
also recorded the sites monuments. However, the first serious
archaeological work carried out at the site was actually conducted by
two English women, Margaret Benson and Janet Gourlay, between 1895 and
1897. They mostly concentrated on the main temple of Mut.
Then, for over twenty years, not more archaeological work took place
until the 1920s, when Maurice Pillet, who was then working for the
Department of Antiquities of Egypt, excavated the Temple of
Khonsupakherod (or Khonsupakhred, Khonsu
the Child), also sometimes referred to as Temple A, located in the
northeast corner inside the enclosure wall, and the Temple of Ramesses
III, referred to as Temple C, west of the sacred lake. The French
archaeologist Henri Chevrier, also working for the Department of
Antiquities, carried out limited excavations within the Mut Temple
during the 1950s and, Serge Sauneron, Director of the Centre
franco-égyptien des Temples de Karnak, began work on the hieroglyphic
texts of the Propylon, the site's main entrance during the 1970s.
In 1976 the Egyptian Department of Antiquities granted permission to
the Brooklyn Museum (now the Brooklyn Museum of Art) to begin a
systematic exploration of the site and its monuments. The Detroit
Institute of Arts has been associated with this ongoing archaeological
project since 1978.
The temple was primarily built by Amenhotep III but other rulers, from the New Kingdom and into the Ptolemaic (Greek) Period
also added and enhanced the temple. Recent excavations indicate that
much, and possibly all, of the present precinct was village settlement,
until some time in the Second Intermediate Period.
During the reigns of Queen Hatshepsut and King Tuthmosis III, the entire precinct probably consisted of the Mut Temple and the sacred lake, but by Ptolemaic times,
it had grown to over twenty acres, including massive mud-brick walls,
three large temples, smaller temples and chapels, and housing for
priests and others. The Mut Temple was enlarged later in the 18th Dynasty, when the main temple building was completely enclosed by new construction, probably by Amenhotep III. The Mut temple's present second pylon, of mud-brick, dates no later than the 19th Dynasty,
and may have replaced an earlier precinct or temple wall. Its eastern
half was built of stone late in the Ptolemaic period. The temple's first
pylon, also of mud-brick, has a stone gateway built no later than the
19th Dynasty, and displays at least one major repair. This pylon may
also replace an earlier northern precinct wall. Parts of the west and
north walls of this precinct have been uncovered, including a gate
bearing Tuthmosis III's name (possibly usurping that of Hatshepsut), an Amarna Period effacement of the name of Amun and a Seti I restoration inscription. The eastern and southern boundaries of this precinct are as yet undefined.
The temple of Khonsupakherod to the northeast of the Mut Temple was originally outside the Mut Precinct. First built during the 18th Dynasty,
it was renovated and expanded by Ramesses II, who made the building a
"temple of millions of years" dedicated to himself and to Amun-Re.
He added a forecourt, a pylon, two colossal granite statues of himself
and two colossal alabaster stelae. The first, recording his marriage to a
Hittite
princess, was uncovered by Maurice Pillet in the 1920s. The second was
discovered by the Mut Expedition in 1979 and records Ramesses' work on a
temple, most likely the temple before which the stela stood. In the Mut
Temple itself, it was probably Ramesses II
who added a stone facing to the south side of the temples' mud brick
second pylon and new inscriptions and reliefs to the walls of the second
court.
Later Ramesside kings also worked in the area of the Mut Precinct. Ramesses III
erected a temple to the west of the Isheru and outside the precinct's
walls, but it was later incorporated into the precinct.. This temple is
on the same plan as Ramesses III's temple in the Amun precinct and bears on its outer walls the remains of the king's depictions of his Syrian and Libyan wars.
Under King Taharqa of the 25th Kushite Dynasty,
the Mut Precinct grew dramatically. This work apparently overseen by
one of Taharqa's most important officials, Montuemhat, Mayor of Thebes and Governor of Upper Egypt. Taharqa and Montuemhat rebuilt much of the Mut Temple using blocks from the earlier temples as building material for their expansion. Blocks of relief and inscriptions from 18th through the 20th Dynasties
are visible today in the foundations of Taharqa's temple. They also
added two long columned porticoes to the north of the Mut Temple's first
pylon.
It was also in the reign of Taharqa that the Mut Precinct was expanded to include the Temple of Khonsupakherod. By the 21st Dynasty, this temple may have already become a mammisi, a temple celebrating the divine birth of a god (in this case Khonsu, son of Amun and Mut),
and of the king himself. Apparently the temple of Ramesses III was no
longer in use, for the second pylon of the Temple of Khonsupakherod
seems to have been constructed in part of stone quarried from Ramesses
III's temple, including the feet, torsos and heads of colossal statues
that once stood in its court. As part of the precinct's expansion and
the rededication of the Khonsupakherod Temple, Taharqa created a
processional way leading from a gate in the newly built western wall of
the precinct to that temple.
Montuemhat and his work did not go unrecorded. A small chapel
dedicated to him was created in the eastern wall of the Mut temple has
long been known, and in recent years, the remains of at least two other
private chapels that relate to Montuemhat and to his son Nesptah have
been uncovered. In fact, there seems to have been a proliferation of
small chapels in the precinct beginning in the 25th Dynasty and continuing into the 26th Dynasty. One 26th Dynasty chapel was dedicated to Nitocris, God's wife of Amun,
and was built in the first court of Temple of Khonsupakherod. Another
was a magical healing chapel dedicated by Horwedja, Great Seer of Heliopolis, It was probably during the 30th Dynasty that the precinct achieved its present size and its distinctive trapezoidal shape.
However, the Mut Precinct continued to prosper under the Ptolemies. During the Ptolemaic Period the precinct was given a new main entrance gateway and significant parts of the Mut Temple and the Temple of Khonsupakherod were rebuilt. Elsewhere, Ptolemies V and VII built a chapel, only recently excavated, just inside the Taharqa gateway and dedicated to both Mut/Sekhmet and possibly to the Ptolemaic ancestor cult as well.
Even after the conquest of Egypt by Rome in 30 B.C., the Mut Precinct
remained an important site. Two stelae record work at the site carried
out under the auspices of the Emperors Augustus and Tiberius
and this is evident in the temple walls. It seems, however, that
beginning in the first century A.D. the Mut Precinct began to decline.
The Taharqa gateway was blocked off and a village grew up outside the
gate but within the protection of the massive enclosure walls. By late
Roman times the Mut Temple had ceased to function. When worship of the
goddess died out, people even built houses within some of the temples.
Over the centuries, the Mut Precinct’s buildings were a convenient
source of pre-cut stone, and as a result, few of its buildings now are
taller than six feet. In fact, in 1840, a large part of the temple was
dismantled for the erection of a factory.
An avenue of sphinxes leads one through Karnak village to the temple.
However, prior to entering the gate of the enclosure wall, there are
two small temples located to either side of the avenue of sphinxes. On
the eastern side of the avenue is the temple of Amun-kamutef, an ithyphallic god whose name means "Bull of his Mother", and to the east side was a barque shrine built by Tuthmosis III and Hatshepsut. It should also be noted that outside of the eastern section of the enclosure wall is a very small temple built by Nectanebo II.
Inside the enclosure wall, which measures some 250 by 350 meters, were
at least six sanctuaries. However, pausing to examine the gate dating to
the Ptolemaic era and probably built by Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Ptolemy III Euergetes I,
we find on the east doorpost of the passage a sistrum player, a harpist
and a tambourine player who are standing in the presence of Mut who
sits upon a throne. Since the earliest of times, music, song and dance
played a part in many if not most sacred ceremonies. The harp is very
ancient, known from tombs of the 5th Dynasty,
and the sistrum, a sort of rattle, is also very old. However, the
rhythm of the hymns and dances was usually accompanied by hand clapping
and so the tambourine made a rather late appearance in such religious
ceremonies. Below these scenes is a long text that relates to the feasts
of the temple of Mut. On the east doorpost, we find a frieze of flowing
papyrus and buds emerging from a base of wavy lines that signify water,
in a style that was typical of the Ptolemaic Period
.
Upon entering the precinct, we might first wish to take a brief look
at the temple of Khonsupakherod. Notable is the Osirian Statue which is
attached to a stela whose edge bears the titles of Ramesses II
(Ramesses the Great). Curiously however, the vertical band that
descends beneath the two crossed fists of the figure is a combination of
the names of Ramesses II and Tuthmosis IV,
which are superimposed together in the reverse direction. The
inscription reads, "King of Upper and Lower Egypt, master of the Two
Lands, usermaatre Setepenre, Son of Ra".
The second cartouche belonging to Ramesses II
is not visible, but the inscription is, and may be translated as
"Neter-nefer, master of the Two Lands, Menkheperre, Son of Ra, of his
breast, Tuthmosis IV, endowed with eternal life.
Within this small temple, on the northern wall, is an unusual scene
depicting the circumcision ceremony. Herodotus tells us that:
"They (ancient Egyptians) drink only from copper vessels, which
they polish and clean every day with a great deal of care... They wear
clothes of linen that are always freshly washed and that they take pains
never to stain. They have adopted circumcision in their search for
cleanliness, and appear to think more highly of a perfect physical
purity than any other adornment."
Of course, birth scenes of the king and Khonsu are also present.
The main Mut temple is surrounded on three sides by a sacred lake, called the Isheru, that could contain the fierce Sekhmet.
Isheru is a term used to describe sacred lakes specific to precincts of
goddesses who can be leonine in form. The Mut Precinct's Isheru, fed
probably by an underground spring, is the largest in Egypt that is
preserved.
The temple consists of an entrance pylon which is fronted by a kiosk
of Tahraqa, followed by a court with eight central columns, which in
turn is followed by a second pylon and an inner court with Hathor
pillars and Sekhmet
statues. Afterwards, there is a small hypostyle court flanked by two
chapels, which is followed by the sanctuary surrounded by a number of
small chambers. A small addorsed temple stands against the back of the
main structure. However, the ruined condition of the structure
precludes a detailed knowledge of its original form and decoration. The
whole of the main temple is oriented towards the Temple of Amun, more or less facing north.
In the remains of the entrance pylon, which was built by Seti II, there is a relief of the dwarf-god Bes and Ptolemaic texts of a Hymn to Mut.
Within the temple, we find a great quantity of statues with the body
of a woman and the head of a lion, though many of these statues have
been removed and now stand in a number of museums. In fact, most of the
statues of Sekhmet
that inhabit the museums of the world came from this temple, where it
has been estimated that 700 such statues originally stood around three
sides of the first court. While mostly identical, these statues of the
goddess Sekhmet were dedicated by various individuals, including Ramesses II, as well as the High Priest Pinedjem (who actually ruled southern Egypt) and Henuttawy. However, most bear the name of Amenhotep III.
Each of them reveals different inscriptions, such as, "Sekhmet, beloved
of Ptah", "Sekhmet, mistress of the western desert", "Sekhmet in the
house of Bastet", "Sekhmet the great" and "Sekhmet, beloved of Sobek".
Each of these is connected with the myths surrounding this goddess. For
example, the first is attributed to Sekhmet as the feminine principle of
Ptah
.
Most Egyptologists now believe that most if not all of these statues
did not originally stand in this district but rather in the mortuary
temple of Amenhotep III on the West Bank. They were probably brought to the Mut precinct during the 19th Dynasty when Mut and Sekhmet became more closely associated and rituals involving both with the Isheru first appear to have gained prominence.
Though the temple built by Ramesses III
is almost gone, two ruined colossal statues of the king with his queen
remain at its entrance, and it still retains some of the military scenes
on its outer walls.
Otherwise, not much remains of this great temple complex. Sometimes
it seems that more of its artifacts are scattered about in museums than
remain in place. However, excavation continues in this area under the
direction of the Brooklyn Museum and the Detroit Institute of Arts, and
doubtless we will learn much more about it in the future. In fact, finds
continue to make news every so often.
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